ECU would store so much info? Maybe... but in order to do so it would need to remember tons of information...
The Elantra does have a "black box". It stores gobs ( a technical term) of data such as pitch, yaw, engine conditions, throttle postition, brake pedal activation, antilock brake timing, etc. leading up to an accident. It would be no large feat to store the fuel/engine conditions leading up to a misfire.
I highly doubt it will damage CAT. And no, it will not misfire.
And what do you think happens as the fuel rail pressure drops because there is just not enough fuel for the pump to maintain pressure? The air/fuel mixture becomes lean. A too-lean mixture causes misfires. Misfires are detected by and stored in the ECU since the implementation of ODBII in 1996. For a background, read:
Analyzing Ignition Misfires
When the fuel mixture becomes too lean, but not quite zero, then it does not ignite at all. What little fuel mixture there is, gets pumped out of the cylinder and can accumulate in the cat converter. When enough fuel accumulates, the heat of the converter can ignite it and BOOM, a backfire and a destroyed converter. It can happen.
because it will use LESS fuel comparing to ethanol blend.
If the fuel injection system in the Elantra is not most other car mfgr's, then the pump knows no difference between E10 and 100% gasoline. It pumps the same amount of fuel regardless of alcohol content. The regulator returns the excess fuel to the tank. This the same whether it is an in-tank regulator or fuel rail mounted regulator. Ford's system is different. It is PWM regulated and pumps only what is needed.